Improvement in Product Development: Use of back-end data to support upstream efforts of Robust Design Methodology
Article Sidebar
Issue
Vol. 16 No. 2 (2012)
Submitted
19 November 2012
Published
18 December 2012
Keywords:
-
Robust design methodology, product development, continuous improvement, back-end data, claims analysis
Abstract
In the area of Robust Design Methodology (RDM) less is done on how to use and work with data from the back-end of the product development process to support upstream improvement. The purpose of this paper is to suggest RDM practices for the use of customer claims data in early design phases as a basis for improvements. The back-end data, when systematically analyzed and fed back into the product development process, aids in closing the product development loop from claims to improvement in the design phase. This is proposed through a flow of claims data analysis tied to an existing tool, namely Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA). The systematic and integrated analysis of back-end data is suggested as an upstream effort of RDM to increase understanding of noise factors during product usage based on the feedback of claims data to FMEA and to address continuous improvement in product development.
References
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ANDERSSON, P. 1996. A Semi-Analytic Approach to Robust Design in the Conceptual Design Phase. Research in Engineering Design, 8, 229-239.
ANTONI, M., NILSSON-WITELL, L. & DAHLGAARD, J. J. 2005. Inter-project improvement in product development. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 22, 876-893.
ARVIDSSON, M. & GREMYR, I. 2008. Principles of Robust Design. Quality and Reliability Engineering International, 24, 23-35.
ATTARDI, L., GUIDA, M. & PULCINI, G. 2005. A mixed-Weibull regression model for the analysis of automotive warranty data. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 87, 265-273.
BAMFORD, D. R. & GREATBANKS, R. W. 2005. The Use of Quality Management Tools and Techniques: A Study of Application in Everyday Situations. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 22, 376-392.
BERSIMIS, S., PSARAKIS, S. & PANARETOS, J. 2007. Multivariate statistical process control charts: An overview. Quality and Reliability Engineering International, 23, 517-543.
BLISCHKE, W. R., KARIM, M. R. & MURTHY, D. N. P. 2011. Warranty Data Collection and Analysis, London, Springer.
BOERSMA, J., LOKE, G., PETKOVA, V. T., SANDER, P. C. & BROMBACHER, A. C. 2004. Quality of information flow in the backend of a product development process: A case study. Quality and Reliability Engineering International, 20, 255-263.
BRYDE, D. J. & ROBINSON, L. 2007. The relationship between Total Quality Management and the focus of project management practices. The TQM Magazine, 19, 50-61.
BUDDHAKULSOMSIRI, J., SIRADEGHYAN, Y., ZAKARIAN, A. & LI, X. 2006. Association rule-generation algorithm for mining automotive warranty data. International Journal of Production Research, 44, 2749-2770.
COOPER, R. G. & KLEINSCHMIDT, E. J. 1986. An investigation into the new product process: Steps, deficiencies, and impact. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 3, 71-85.
CRISTIANO, J. J., LIKER, J. K. & WHITE III, C. C. 2000. Customer-driven product development through Quality Function Deployment in the US and Japan. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 17, 286-308.
DAHLGAARD, J. J. & DAHLGAARD, S. M. P. 2002. From defect reduction to reduction of waste and customer/stakeholder satisfaction (understanding the new TQM metrology). Total Quality Management, 13, 1069-1086.
DALRYMPLE, J. & DREW, E. 2000. Quality: On the threshold or the brink? Total Quality Management, 11, 697-703.
DE OLIVEIRA MATIAS, J. C. & COELHO, D. A. 2011. Integrated total quality management: Beyond zero defects theory and towards innovation. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 22, 891-910.
DEAN JR, J. W. & BOWEN, D. E. 1994. Management theory and total quality: Improving research and practice through theory development. Academy of Management Review, 392-418.
DOUGLAS, T. J. & JUDGE JR, W. Q. 2001. Total Quality Management implementation and competitive advantage: The role of structural control and exploration. Academy of Management Journal, 158-169.
FAZL MASHHADI, A., ALÄNGE, S. & ROOS, L.-U. 2012. Introducing robust design in product development: Learning from an initiative at Volvo. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence.
FLICK, U. 2009. An Introduction to Qualitative Research, Sage Publications Ltd.
FUNDIN, A. & ELG, M. 2010. Continuous learning using dissatisfaction feedback in new product development contexts. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 27, 860-877.
FUNDIN, A. P. & BERGMAN, B. L. S. 2003. Exploring the customer feedback process. Measuring Business Excellence, 7, 55-65.
FUNDIN, A. P. & CRONEMYR, P. 2003. Use Customer Feedback To Choose Six Sigma Projects. Six Sigma Forum Magazine.
GIBSON, J. W., TESONE, D. V. & BLACKWELL, C. W. 2003. Management fads: Here yesterday, gone today? SAM Advanced Management Journal, 68, 12-17.
GOH, T. 2002. The role of statistical design of experiments in six sigma: perspectives of a practitioner. Quality Engineering, 14, 659-671.
GRUNER, K. E. & HOMBURG, C. 2000. Does customer interaction enhance new product success? Journal of Business Research, 49, 1-14.
HASENKAMP, T., ADLER, T., CARLSSON, A. & ARVIDSSON, M. 2007. Robust design methodology in a generic product design process. Total Quality Management and Business Excellence, 18, 351-362.
HASENKAMP, T., ARVIDSSON, M. & GREMYR, I. 2009. A review of practices for robust design methodology. Journal of Engineering Design 20, 645-657.
HELLSTEN, U. & KLEFSJÖ, B. 2000. TQM as a management system consisting of values, techniques and tools. The TQM Magazine, 12, 238-244.
HOLMLUND, M. 2007. Suggesting and comparing different scopes on quality management: Production, service, relationship, and network. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 18, 847-859.
JOHANNESSON, P., BERGMAN, B., SVENSSON, T., ARVIDSSON, M., LÖNNQVIST, Å., BARONE, S. & MARÉ, J. 2012. A Robustness Approach to Reliability. Quality and Reliability Engineering International.
KARIM, M. R. & SUZUKI, K. 2005. Analysis of warranty claim data: A literature review. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 22, 667-686.
KAULIO, M. A. 1998. Customer, consumer and user involvement in product development: A framework and a review of selected methods. Total Quality Management, 9, 141-149.
KAYNAK, H. 2003. The relationship between Total Quality Management practices and their effects on firm performance. Journal of Operations Management, 21, 405-435.
KIM, J. & WILEMON, D. 2002. Focusing the fuzzy front–end in new product development. R&D Management, 32, 269-279.
KUS̆AR, J., DUHOVNIK, J., GRUM, J. & STARBEK, M. 2004. How to reduce new product development time. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 20, 1-15.
LAWLESS, J. 1998. Statistical Analysis of Product Warranty Data. International Statistical Review, 66, 41-60.
LENKA, U., SUAR, D. & MOHAPATRA, P. K. J. 2010. Customer satisfaction in Indian commercial banks through total quality management approach. Total Quality Management, 21, 1315-1341.
LEONARD-BARTON, D. 1990. A dual methodology for case studies: Synergistic use of a longitudinal single site with replicated multiple sites. Organization Science, 1, 248-266.
LU, D., BETTS, A. & CROOM, S. 2011. Re-investigating business excellence: Values, measures and a framework. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 22, 1263-1276.
MAGNIEZ, C., BROMBACHER, A. C. & SCHOUTEN, J. 2009. The use of reliability oriented field feedback information for product design improvement: A case study. Quality and Reliability Engineering International, 25, 355-364.
MAJESKE, K. D., LYNCH-CARIS, T. & HERRIN, G. 1997. Evaluating product and process design changes with warranty data. International Journal of Production Economics, 50, 79-89.
MEEKER, W. Q. & ESCOBAR, L. A. 2004. Reliability: The other dimension of quality. Quality Technology & Quality Management Journal, 1.
MEEKER, W. Q. & HAMADA, M. 1997. Statistical tools for the rapid development and evaluation of high-reliability products. Microelectronics Reliability, 37, 537-537.
MEKKI, K. S. 2006. Robust design failure mode and effects analysis in designing for Six Sigma. International Journal of Product Development, 3, 292-304.
MURTHY, D. & BLISCHKE, W. R. 2000. Strategic warranty management: A life-cycle approach. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 47, 40-54.
NILSSON-WITELL, L., ANTONI, M. & DAHLGAARD, J. J. 2005. Continuous improvement in product development: Improvement programs and quality principles. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 22, 753-768.
ONODERA, K. Effective techniques of FMEA at each life-cycle stage. Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium, 1997. IEEE, 50-56.
PARK, S. H. 1996. Robust Design and analysis for Quality Engineering, London, U.K., Chapman & Hall.
PETERSON, R. A. & WILSON, W. R. 1992. Measuring customer satisfaction: fact and artifact. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 20, 61-71.
PETKOVA, V. T., YUAN, L., ION, R. A. & SANDER, P. C. 2005. Designing reliability information flows. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 88, 147-155.
PHADKE, M. S. 1989. Quality Engineering using Robust Design. , New Jersey, USA, PTR Prentice-Hall Inc.
PORTER, L. J. & PARKER, A. J. 1993. Total Quality Management - The critical success factors. Total Quality Management, 4, 13-22.
QIN, S. 2000. Conceptual design: Issues and challenges. Computer-Aided Design, 32, 849-850.
RAI, B. & SINGH, N. 2003. Hazard rate estimation from incomplete and unclean warranty data. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 81, 79-92.
RAI, B. K. 2009. Strategies for feedback on reliability and robustness from automobile warranty data. International Journal of Product Development, 8, 276-290.
SCUPIN, R. 1997. The KJ method: A technique for analyzing data derived from Japanese ethnology. Human Organization, 56, 233-237.
SHAHIN, A., ARABZAD, S. M. & GHORBANI, M. 2010. Proposing an Integrated Framework of Seven Basic and New Quality Management Tools and Techniques: A Roadmap. Research Journal of Internatıonal Studıes, 183.
SHEN, X., TAN, K. & XIE, M. 2000. An integrated approach to innovative product development using Kano’s model and QFD. European Journal of Innovation Management, 3, 91-99.
SHOEMAKER, A. C., TSUI, K. L. & WU, C. F. J. 1991. Economical Experimentation Methods for Robust Design. Technometrics, 33, 415-427.
SMITH, L. R. 2001. Six Sigma and the evolution of quality in product development. Six Sigma Forum Magazine, 1, 28-35.
SOUSA, R. & VOSS, C. A. 2002. Quality Management re-visited: A reflective review and agenda for future research. Journal of Operations Management, 20, 91-109.
SOUSA, S. D., ASPINWALL, E., SAMPAIO, P. A. & RODRIGUES, A. G. 2005. Performance measures and quality tools in Portuguese small and medium enterprises: Survey results. Total Quality Management and Business Excellence, 16, 277-307.
TARI, J. J. & SABATER, V. 2004. Quality Tools and Techniques: Are they Necessary for Quality Management? International Journal of Production Economics, 92, 267-280.
THOMAS, M. U. & RAO, S. S. 1999. Warranty economic decision models: A summary and some suggested directions for future research. Operations Research, 47, 807-820.
TOLLIN, K. 2002. Customization as a business strategy - a barrier to customer integration in product development? Total Quality Management, 13, 427-439.
TSUI, K.-L. 1992. An overview of Taguchi method and newly developed statistical methods for robust design. IIE Transactions, 24, 44-57.
WANG, L., SHEN, W., XIE, H., NEELAMKAVIL, J. & PARDASANI, A. 2002. Collaborative conceptual design - State of the art and future trends. Computer-Aided Design, 34, 981-996.
WU, H. & MEEKER, W. Q. 2002. Early detection of reliability problems using information from warranty databases. Technometrics, 44, 120-133.
WU, S. 2012. Warranty Data Analysis: A Review. Quality and Reliability Engineering International.
YIN, R. K. 2009. Case Study Research: Design and Methods, California, Sage Inc.
YONG, J. & WILKINSON, A. 2002. The long and winding road: The evolution of quality management. Total Quality Management, 13, 101-121.
ZAIRI, M. 2000. Managing customer dissatisfaction through effective complaints management systems. The TQM Magazine, 12, 331-337.
ZHOU, C., CHINNAM, R. B. & KOROSTELEV, A. 2012. Hazard rate models for early detection of reliability problems using information from warranty databases and upstream supply chain. International Journal of Production Economics.
ANDERSSON, P. 1996. A Semi-Analytic Approach to Robust Design in the Conceptual Design Phase. Research in Engineering Design, 8, 229-239.
ANTONI, M., NILSSON-WITELL, L. & DAHLGAARD, J. J. 2005. Inter-project improvement in product development. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 22, 876-893.
ARVIDSSON, M. & GREMYR, I. 2008. Principles of Robust Design. Quality and Reliability Engineering International, 24, 23-35.
ATTARDI, L., GUIDA, M. & PULCINI, G. 2005. A mixed-Weibull regression model for the analysis of automotive warranty data. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 87, 265-273.
BAMFORD, D. R. & GREATBANKS, R. W. 2005. The Use of Quality Management Tools and Techniques: A Study of Application in Everyday Situations. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 22, 376-392.
BERSIMIS, S., PSARAKIS, S. & PANARETOS, J. 2007. Multivariate statistical process control charts: An overview. Quality and Reliability Engineering International, 23, 517-543.
BLISCHKE, W. R., KARIM, M. R. & MURTHY, D. N. P. 2011. Warranty Data Collection and Analysis, London, Springer.
BOERSMA, J., LOKE, G., PETKOVA, V. T., SANDER, P. C. & BROMBACHER, A. C. 2004. Quality of information flow in the backend of a product development process: A case study. Quality and Reliability Engineering International, 20, 255-263.
BRYDE, D. J. & ROBINSON, L. 2007. The relationship between Total Quality Management and the focus of project management practices. The TQM Magazine, 19, 50-61.
BUDDHAKULSOMSIRI, J., SIRADEGHYAN, Y., ZAKARIAN, A. & LI, X. 2006. Association rule-generation algorithm for mining automotive warranty data. International Journal of Production Research, 44, 2749-2770.
COOPER, R. G. & KLEINSCHMIDT, E. J. 1986. An investigation into the new product process: Steps, deficiencies, and impact. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 3, 71-85.
CRISTIANO, J. J., LIKER, J. K. & WHITE III, C. C. 2000. Customer-driven product development through Quality Function Deployment in the US and Japan. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 17, 286-308.
DAHLGAARD, J. J. & DAHLGAARD, S. M. P. 2002. From defect reduction to reduction of waste and customer/stakeholder satisfaction (understanding the new TQM metrology). Total Quality Management, 13, 1069-1086.
DALRYMPLE, J. & DREW, E. 2000. Quality: On the threshold or the brink? Total Quality Management, 11, 697-703.
DE OLIVEIRA MATIAS, J. C. & COELHO, D. A. 2011. Integrated total quality management: Beyond zero defects theory and towards innovation. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 22, 891-910.
DEAN JR, J. W. & BOWEN, D. E. 1994. Management theory and total quality: Improving research and practice through theory development. Academy of Management Review, 392-418.
DOUGLAS, T. J. & JUDGE JR, W. Q. 2001. Total Quality Management implementation and competitive advantage: The role of structural control and exploration. Academy of Management Journal, 158-169.
FAZL MASHHADI, A., ALÄNGE, S. & ROOS, L.-U. 2012. Introducing robust design in product development: Learning from an initiative at Volvo. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence.
FLICK, U. 2009. An Introduction to Qualitative Research, Sage Publications Ltd.
FUNDIN, A. & ELG, M. 2010. Continuous learning using dissatisfaction feedback in new product development contexts. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 27, 860-877.
FUNDIN, A. P. & BERGMAN, B. L. S. 2003. Exploring the customer feedback process. Measuring Business Excellence, 7, 55-65.
FUNDIN, A. P. & CRONEMYR, P. 2003. Use Customer Feedback To Choose Six Sigma Projects. Six Sigma Forum Magazine.
GIBSON, J. W., TESONE, D. V. & BLACKWELL, C. W. 2003. Management fads: Here yesterday, gone today? SAM Advanced Management Journal, 68, 12-17.
GOH, T. 2002. The role of statistical design of experiments in six sigma: perspectives of a practitioner. Quality Engineering, 14, 659-671.
GRUNER, K. E. & HOMBURG, C. 2000. Does customer interaction enhance new product success? Journal of Business Research, 49, 1-14.
HASENKAMP, T., ADLER, T., CARLSSON, A. & ARVIDSSON, M. 2007. Robust design methodology in a generic product design process. Total Quality Management and Business Excellence, 18, 351-362.
HASENKAMP, T., ARVIDSSON, M. & GREMYR, I. 2009. A review of practices for robust design methodology. Journal of Engineering Design 20, 645-657.
HELLSTEN, U. & KLEFSJÖ, B. 2000. TQM as a management system consisting of values, techniques and tools. The TQM Magazine, 12, 238-244.
HOLMLUND, M. 2007. Suggesting and comparing different scopes on quality management: Production, service, relationship, and network. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 18, 847-859.
JOHANNESSON, P., BERGMAN, B., SVENSSON, T., ARVIDSSON, M., LÖNNQVIST, Å., BARONE, S. & MARÉ, J. 2012. A Robustness Approach to Reliability. Quality and Reliability Engineering International.
KARIM, M. R. & SUZUKI, K. 2005. Analysis of warranty claim data: A literature review. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 22, 667-686.
KAULIO, M. A. 1998. Customer, consumer and user involvement in product development: A framework and a review of selected methods. Total Quality Management, 9, 141-149.
KAYNAK, H. 2003. The relationship between Total Quality Management practices and their effects on firm performance. Journal of Operations Management, 21, 405-435.
KIM, J. & WILEMON, D. 2002. Focusing the fuzzy front–end in new product development. R&D Management, 32, 269-279.
KUS̆AR, J., DUHOVNIK, J., GRUM, J. & STARBEK, M. 2004. How to reduce new product development time. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 20, 1-15.
LAWLESS, J. 1998. Statistical Analysis of Product Warranty Data. International Statistical Review, 66, 41-60.
LENKA, U., SUAR, D. & MOHAPATRA, P. K. J. 2010. Customer satisfaction in Indian commercial banks through total quality management approach. Total Quality Management, 21, 1315-1341.
LEONARD-BARTON, D. 1990. A dual methodology for case studies: Synergistic use of a longitudinal single site with replicated multiple sites. Organization Science, 1, 248-266.
LU, D., BETTS, A. & CROOM, S. 2011. Re-investigating business excellence: Values, measures and a framework. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 22, 1263-1276.
MAGNIEZ, C., BROMBACHER, A. C. & SCHOUTEN, J. 2009. The use of reliability oriented field feedback information for product design improvement: A case study. Quality and Reliability Engineering International, 25, 355-364.
MAJESKE, K. D., LYNCH-CARIS, T. & HERRIN, G. 1997. Evaluating product and process design changes with warranty data. International Journal of Production Economics, 50, 79-89.
MEEKER, W. Q. & ESCOBAR, L. A. 2004. Reliability: The other dimension of quality. Quality Technology & Quality Management Journal, 1.
MEEKER, W. Q. & HAMADA, M. 1997. Statistical tools for the rapid development and evaluation of high-reliability products. Microelectronics Reliability, 37, 537-537.
MEKKI, K. S. 2006. Robust design failure mode and effects analysis in designing for Six Sigma. International Journal of Product Development, 3, 292-304.
MURTHY, D. & BLISCHKE, W. R. 2000. Strategic warranty management: A life-cycle approach. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 47, 40-54.
NILSSON-WITELL, L., ANTONI, M. & DAHLGAARD, J. J. 2005. Continuous improvement in product development: Improvement programs and quality principles. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 22, 753-768.
ONODERA, K. Effective techniques of FMEA at each life-cycle stage. Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium, 1997. IEEE, 50-56.
PARK, S. H. 1996. Robust Design and analysis for Quality Engineering, London, U.K., Chapman & Hall.
PETERSON, R. A. & WILSON, W. R. 1992. Measuring customer satisfaction: fact and artifact. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 20, 61-71.
PETKOVA, V. T., YUAN, L., ION, R. A. & SANDER, P. C. 2005. Designing reliability information flows. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 88, 147-155.
PHADKE, M. S. 1989. Quality Engineering using Robust Design. , New Jersey, USA, PTR Prentice-Hall Inc.
PORTER, L. J. & PARKER, A. J. 1993. Total Quality Management - The critical success factors. Total Quality Management, 4, 13-22.
QIN, S. 2000. Conceptual design: Issues and challenges. Computer-Aided Design, 32, 849-850.
RAI, B. & SINGH, N. 2003. Hazard rate estimation from incomplete and unclean warranty data. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 81, 79-92.
RAI, B. K. 2009. Strategies for feedback on reliability and robustness from automobile warranty data. International Journal of Product Development, 8, 276-290.
SCUPIN, R. 1997. The KJ method: A technique for analyzing data derived from Japanese ethnology. Human Organization, 56, 233-237.
SHAHIN, A., ARABZAD, S. M. & GHORBANI, M. 2010. Proposing an Integrated Framework of Seven Basic and New Quality Management Tools and Techniques: A Roadmap. Research Journal of Internatıonal Studıes, 183.
SHEN, X., TAN, K. & XIE, M. 2000. An integrated approach to innovative product development using Kano’s model and QFD. European Journal of Innovation Management, 3, 91-99.
SHOEMAKER, A. C., TSUI, K. L. & WU, C. F. J. 1991. Economical Experimentation Methods for Robust Design. Technometrics, 33, 415-427.
SMITH, L. R. 2001. Six Sigma and the evolution of quality in product development. Six Sigma Forum Magazine, 1, 28-35.
SOUSA, R. & VOSS, C. A. 2002. Quality Management re-visited: A reflective review and agenda for future research. Journal of Operations Management, 20, 91-109.
SOUSA, S. D., ASPINWALL, E., SAMPAIO, P. A. & RODRIGUES, A. G. 2005. Performance measures and quality tools in Portuguese small and medium enterprises: Survey results. Total Quality Management and Business Excellence, 16, 277-307.
TARI, J. J. & SABATER, V. 2004. Quality Tools and Techniques: Are they Necessary for Quality Management? International Journal of Production Economics, 92, 267-280.
THOMAS, M. U. & RAO, S. S. 1999. Warranty economic decision models: A summary and some suggested directions for future research. Operations Research, 47, 807-820.
TOLLIN, K. 2002. Customization as a business strategy - a barrier to customer integration in product development? Total Quality Management, 13, 427-439.
TSUI, K.-L. 1992. An overview of Taguchi method and newly developed statistical methods for robust design. IIE Transactions, 24, 44-57.
WANG, L., SHEN, W., XIE, H., NEELAMKAVIL, J. & PARDASANI, A. 2002. Collaborative conceptual design - State of the art and future trends. Computer-Aided Design, 34, 981-996.
WU, H. & MEEKER, W. Q. 2002. Early detection of reliability problems using information from warranty databases. Technometrics, 44, 120-133.
WU, S. 2012. Warranty Data Analysis: A Review. Quality and Reliability Engineering International.
YIN, R. K. 2009. Case Study Research: Design and Methods, California, Sage Inc.
YONG, J. & WILKINSON, A. 2002. The long and winding road: The evolution of quality management. Total Quality Management, 13, 101-121.
ZAIRI, M. 2000. Managing customer dissatisfaction through effective complaints management systems. The TQM Magazine, 12, 331-337.
ZHOU, C., CHINNAM, R. B. & KOROSTELEV, A. 2012. Hazard rate models for early detection of reliability problems using information from warranty databases and upstream supply chain. International Journal of Production Economics.
Authors
Siva, V. (2012). Improvement in Product Development: Use of back-end data to support upstream efforts of Robust Design Methodology. Quality Innovation Prosperity, 16(2), 84–102. https://doi.org/10.12776/qip.v16i2.65
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